• Patient fasts for several hours before the procedure.
• Medical history review and pre-procedure tests (e.g., blood tests, ECG) are conducted.
• An intravenous (IV) line is inserted for administering medications and fluids.
• Local anesthesia is applied to numb the insertion site (usually the groin, wrist, or arm).

• A small incision is made at the insertion site.
• A sheath (a short, hollow tube) is placed into the artery.
• A catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is inserted through the sheath and guided through the blood vessels to the coronary arteries.

• A contrast dye is injected through the catheter into the coronary arteries.
• The dye helps to outline the arteries on X-ray images.

• X-ray images (angiograms) are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries.
• The images reveal any blockages, narrowing, or abnormalities in the arteries.

• Traditional method using a catheter inserted through an artery in the groin, wrist, or arm.
• Involves the injection of contrast dye and X-ray imaging.

• Non-invasive method using computed tomography (CT) scanning technology.
• Involves the injection of contrast dye through a vein in the arm.
• Produces high-resolution 3D images of the coronary arteries.

• Non-invasive method using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology.
• Does not always require contrast dye, but gadolinium-based contrast agents may be used for better visualization.

Fasting